Described in 1983 and with a stable clinical application, the impact of Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery on anorectal function remains unknown. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the impact of Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery on anorectal function according to clinical (Wexner score) and functional (anorectal manometry) evaluations before and after surgery.
MethodProspectively, 23 consecutive patients with rectal lesions were operated using TEO® equipment (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany). For all patients, the value of Wexner score was obtained before and after surgery (7, 30 and 90 days) and anorectal electromanometry was performed before surgery, and also postoperatively (30 and 90 days).
ResultsFourteen patients were men. The mean age was 53.7 (24–81) years. The mean distance from the lesion to the pectineal line was 7 (2–15)cm. The histopathologic analysis revealed adenoma in 14 (61%); neuroendocrine tumor in 5 (21.7%); invasive carcinoma in 3 (13%); and hyperplastic polyp in 1 (4.3%) case. The mean duration of postoperative follow-up was 5 (3–7) months. Wexner score was significantly lower at 30 days compared to 7 days (Wilcoxon; p=0.03). Rectal capacity was significantly lower 30 days after surgery and recovered at 90 days of surgery (ANOVA; p=0.04).
ConclusionsAfter Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery, a modest impact on anorectal function can be observed. The transient impairment results from loss of rectal capacity and not from impairment of the anal sphincters, being completely resolved 90 days after surgery.
Descrita em 1983 e de sólida aplicação clínica, o impacto da Microcirurgia Endoscópica Transanal sobre a função anorretal permanece pouco conhecido. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar o impacto da Microcirurgia Endoscópica Transanal na função anorretal conforme avaliações clínica (Wexner score) e funcional (manometria anorretal) antes e após a cirurgia.
MétodoProspectivamente, 23 pacientes consecutivos com lesões retais foram operados com o uso do equipamento TEO® (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Alemanha). Para todos os pacientes, o valor do escore de Wexner foi obtido antes e após a cirurgia (7, 30 e 90 dias) e a eletromanometria anorretal foi realizada antes da cirurgia e também no pós-operatório (30 e 90 dias).
ResultadosQuatorze pacientes eram homens. A idade média foi 53,7 (24–81) anos. A distância média da lesão à linha pectínea foi de 7 (2–15) cm. A histopatológica revelou adenoma em 14 (61%), tumor neuroendócrino em 5 (21,7%); carcinoma invasivo em 3 (13%) e pólipo hiperplásico em 1 (4,3%) caso. A duração média do seguimento pós-operatório foi de 5 (3–7) meses. O escore de Wexner foi significativamente menor aos 30 dias em comparação com 7 dias (Wilcoxon; p=0,03). A capacidade retal foi significativamente menor aos 30 dias após a cirurgia e recuperada aos 90 dias após a cirurgia (ANOVA; p=0,04).
ConclusõesApós Microcirurgia Endoscópica Transanal, um impacto modesto na função anorretal pode ser observado. O comprometimento transitório resulta de perda de capacidade retal e não por comprometimento dos esfíncteres anais cessando completamente 90 dias após a cirurgia.
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) was introduced in 1983 by Gerhard Friederik Buess, in Germany, as a minimally invasive technique for surgical resection of adenomas and early rectal carcinomas1 in a time prior to video surgery, single portal videosurgery, and surgery through natural orifices (NOTES, from Natural Orifice Transanal Endoscopic Surgery). Developed after the association between Buess and the Richard Wolf (Richard Wolf, GmbH, Knittlingen, Germany) Medical Instrument Company, TEM was introduced slowly. For many years, all publications on the new technique described technical aspects of the operation and sought to convince the community of colorectal surgeons about the possible simplicity of the method.2–4 This does not seem necessarily true if the birth of a revolutionary surgery technique in an era of pre-video surgery is contemplated. This, in our opinion, proves Buess's geniality and resilience. He died on October 30, 2010 and, as stated by Sir Alfred Cushieri, was “a man ahead of his time”. As a result of the relative technical complexity and initial direct cost associated with the acquisition of equipment designed exclusively to perform transanal endoscopic surgery, it is correct to state that, for almost 30 years, TEM has experienced more criticism than allusions to its revolutionary nature as the only NOTES gatekeeper.
With the advent of the Transanal Endoscopic Operations (TEO®) platform for transanal endoscopic surgery launched by Karl Storz (Tuttlingen, Germany), a new leap in transanal surgery took place in the world and in our field. In the TEO platform, the use of specific instruments was still necessary for transanal surgery, but usable in association with a conventional video-surgery system available in surgical centers of general hospitals. A new revolution in transanal endoscopic surgery would result from the introduction of the Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery (TAMIS) technique in 2009, as an alternative to the TEM/TEO systems by Atallah et al.5,6 These latter reported the feasibility of using a device of single, flexible and disposable transanal portal, allowing the use of common laparoscopic instruments to perform the resection of rectal lesions. As a frontier of the evolution of transanal surgery, the results of the use of single-portal robotic systems to perform transanal endoscopic surgery are expected to definitively solve the challenge of the lack of triangulation during endoscopic endorectal surgery.
TEM assumes the transanal insertion of a surgical rectoscope of 40mm in diameter. In addition, the rectal lesion is usually excised at full thickness of the wall leading to a varying degree of rectal reservoir reduction. As a result, the hypothesis that due to prolonged anal dilation during TEM, anal sphincter function could be at risk has prevailed for many years.7,8 However, few studies have addressed the functional outcome after TEM. In addition, these studies were performed in patients with different medical indications, and used different methodologies and variables with noncomparable results.8–12 As a result, in some studies, there is evidence of a temporary impact on anorectal function,8,10 while in others, anorectal function is monotonously preserved after TEM,9,11,12 which made it difficult to accurately predict the impact on the anal continence for a given patient in clinical practice with indication of TEM.
In light of the above, in the present study we sought to evaluate the impact of TEM on anorectal function through clinical and functional evaluation before and after surgery.
Patients and methodsThis is a prospective study, approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. After the application of written informed consent, consecutive patients with indication for TEM were recruited between January 2013 and December 2014.
Inclusion criteria were: indication of resection of rectal lesions through TEM (benign and potentially malignant lesions located up to 15cm from the anal canal), absence of preoperative clinical diagnosis of anal incontinence, and complete understanding of the informed consent term.
Exclusion criteria were the refusal to participate in the study, presence of continence disorder, history of surgery for anal fistula, rectal neoplasia, pelvic radiotherapy, and contraindication for the use of Anorectal Electrophysiometry (EMN-AR).
All patients underwent a complete proctologic evaluation, including digital rectal examination, anoscopy, and colonoscopy. In all cases, a complete clinical preoperative evaluation was obtained. For cases of suspected or diagnosed invasive adenocarcinoma, the pre-treatment investigation included rectal magnetic resonance imaging, tomography of the abdomen and thorax, and serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
Twenty-three patients were included. All were attended at the outpatient's clinic before and after the surgical treatment. In all patients included in the study, clinical and functional evaluations were performed before and after surgery (Fig. 1).
Patient and lesion variables
The variables of the patients and lesions characterized in the present study were: gender, age, Body Mass Index (BMI), previous anorectal surgery, lesion size (before formalin fixation), distance between the lower limit of the lesion and the pectineal line determined by rigid rectoscopy, previous vaginal delivery, and type of transanal microsurgical endoscopic resection (if partial or total thickness).
Surgical procedureAll patients received complete anterograde bowel preparation and parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis. In all cases, the TEM surgical procedure was performed by a single surgeon.
General anesthesia was used in all cases. For patients with lesions that were not reached with digital exam, rigid rectosigmoidoscopy was performed after anesthesia to locate the lesion. The patient was placed in the supine, lateral or prone position, depending on the location of the lesion.
The TEO® system (Transanal Endoscopic Operations, Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) was used in all cases. Rectal wall resections of full or partial thickness were performed. Partial thickness resections were performed for patients with lesions with no evidence of submucosal invasion. The defect was closed in all cases of total thickness excision.
The diet was offered after discharge from the post-anesthetic recovery unit. Patients were routinely discharged on the first day after surgery.
Clinical evaluation (Wexner score)Wexner score13 was determined prior to surgery and repeated postoperatively after 7, 30, and 90 days.
Functional evaluation (EMN-AR)For the functional evaluation, EMN-AR was chosen.
EMN-AR was performed in the preoperative period and on the 30th and 90th postoperative day. The same researcher conducted all the exams.
The preparation for the exam included the use of two units of sorbitol/laurisulfate enemas. EMN-AR was performed using a 12-Fr catheter with an 8-channel computerized perfusion system and a 60-mm long balloon located 10mm from the distal tip of the catheter. The manual withdrawal technique was used at 1-cm intervals with patients on left lateral position. The measures evaluated were: Resting Pressure (RP) and Contraction Pressure (CP) in mmHg, rectal sensitivity (RS) and Rectal Capacity (RC) in mL.
Statistical analysisThe collected data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package for Windows version 17.0. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
To verify if there was a significant difference between the clinical and functional variables over time, a variance analysis (ANOVA) was used with repeated measurements for anorectal manometry data.
For the clinical results (Wexner's score), we used Wilcoxon non-parametric (Signed-rank) test. Both tests considered that the same patient was evaluated more than once.
ResultsPatientsBetween January 2013 and December 2014, 23 consecutive patients were included in the study. Pre- and postoperative clinical and functional evaluations could be performed in all patients. Clinical-demographic characteristics of patients are shown in Table 1.
Casuistry (patients).
| Characteristics | Result |
|---|---|
| N | 23 |
| Men, n (%) | 14 (61) |
| Median age, years (range) | 53.7 (24–81) |
| Median body mass index (BMI), kg/m2(range) | 24.9 (18–33) |
| Distance (median) between the lesion and pectin line, cm (range) | 7 (2–15) |
| Previous anorectal surgery | |
| None, n (%) | 21 (91.3) |
| Hemorhoidectomy, n (%) | 2 (8.7) |
Each patient included had only one rectal lesion.
The mean operating time was 53.2 (22–110)min (Table 2).
Surgical and histopathological results.
| Characteristic | Result |
|---|---|
| Surgical time (median), min (range) | 53.2 (22–110) |
| Type of resection | |
| Full thickness, n (%) | 18 (78.3) |
| Partial thickness, n (%) | 5 (21.7) |
| Defect closure | |
| Yes, n (%) | 22 (95.7) |
| No, n (%) | 1 (4.3) |
| Intraoperative complications | |
| Bleeding, n (%) | 1 (4.3) |
| None, n (%) | 22 (95.7) |
| Postoperative complications | |
| Wound separation, n (%) | 2 (8.7) |
| Atrial fibrilation, n (%) | 1 (4.3) |
| None, n (%) | 20 (87) |
| Hospital stay (median), days (range) | 1.1 (1–4) |
| Lesion size (median), cm (range) | 3.5 (1–8) |
| Final histopathological diagnosis | |
| Adenoma, n (%) | 14 (61) |
| Invasive carcinoma, n (%) | 3 (13) |
| Carcinoid tumor, n (%) | 5 (22) |
| Hyperplasic polyp, n (%) | 1 (4) |
Regarding surgical wound closure after resection, it was performed in 22 (95.7%) patients. In 1 (4.3%) case of resection of partial thickness, the wound was left open due to its large extension.
Full thickness resection was performed in 18 (78.3%) cases and partial thickness in 5 (21.7%) cases.
In the series, there was only 1 (4.3%) intraoperative complication. In this patient, bleeding occurred after the end of total thickness excision and was controlled with monopolar electrocoagulation.
Postoperative complications occurred in 3 (13%) cases. The surgical wound separation was diagnosed in 2 (8.7%) patients and 1 (4.3%) patient developed atrial fibrillation in the immediate postoperative period, being successfully treated.
No patient was converted to laparoscopy and anterior resection of the rectum. There was no need for reoperation or readmissions. The mean duration of hospitalization was 1.1 (1–4) days. The median duration of postoperative follow-up was 5 (3–7) months.
The mean size of the rectal lesion was 3.5 (1–8)cm. No specimens were fragmented. The final histopathological diagnosis was adenoma in 14 (61%) cases, carcinoid tumor in 5 (22%), invasive adenocarcinoma in 3 (13%) and hyperplastic polyp in 1 (4%) patient. There were no involved margins. All 3 patients with invasive carcinoma had lesions classified as pT1 at the final histopathological examination. All lesions were resected with wide lateral and deep safety margins. Patients with invasive rectal carcinoma (pT1) were selected for exclusive local resection with curative intent and were routinely screened postoperatively.
Results of medical evaluation (Wexner score)Wexner score results obtained in the preoperative period and 7, 30 and 90 days after TEM are shown in Table 3. The (median) results of Wexner score were significantly higher on the 7th postoperative day compared to the 90th postoperative day (p=0.03 – Wilcoxon's test).
Functional results (EMN-AR)Although there was a tendency to the reduction of RP 30 days after TEM and recovery to the initial results observed on the 90th postoperative day, median RP before and after TEM was not significantly different in this study (ANOVA, p=0.06). There were no significant differences in mean values for CP (ANOVA; p=0.25) and median RS (ANOVA, p=0.29) between the preoperative period, 30 and 90 days after TEM. In relation to RC, a significant reduction of the median values was observed on the 30th day after TEM, and recovery to values similar to those of the preoperative period at 90 days of surgery (ANOVA; p=0.04) (Table 4).
Results of functional evaluation (EMN-AR).
| Variable | Moment | Median (range) | p (ANOVA) |
|---|---|---|---|
| RP (mmHg) | Preoperative | 64.7 (27.5–104) | 0.06 |
| 30th day PO | 60.4 (19.1–100) | ||
| 90th day PO | 65.4 (26.2–103.1) | ||
| CP (mmHg) | Preoperative | 129.6 (65.7–293.7) | 0.25 |
| 30th day PO | 123.5 (53.3–266.5) | ||
| 90th day PO | 135.1 (56.9–274) | ||
| RS (mL) | Preoperative | 30 (10–80) | 0.29 |
| 30th day PO | 30 (10–60) | ||
| 90th day PO | 20 | ||
| RC (mL) | Preoperative | 120 | 0.04 |
| 30th day PO | 100 | ||
| 90th day PO | 130 | ||
EMN-AR, anorectal electromanometry; RP, rest pressure; CP, contraction pressure; RS, rectal sensitivity; RC, rectal capacity; PO, postoperative.
Since its introduction by Buess and colleagues in 1983 (1), a considerable number of studies have confirmed the efficacy and safety of TEM for treating benign and early malignant rectal lesions. However, more than 30 years after the procedure, functional and postoperative quality of life outcomes are still addressed by a few retrospective studies with a small sample size, covering different lesions of variable sizes and using several variables that are not always comparable to evaluate anorectal function after TEM.9,14–17 For example, in some of these studies, different scores were considered for clinical evaluation, variables were obtained only in the postoperative period and, finally, at different times of postoperative follow-up. These difficulties represent the main obstacles to conceive, even today, the actual impact of TEM on postoperative anorectal function.
In the present prospective study in 23 consecutive patients undergoing TEM, a modest but significant impact on the clinical and functional outcomes of anorectal function could be detected. Although there is a concern about the possibility of sphincter damage associated with the diameter of the surgical anoscope used in TEM,8,10,12 we observed that the impairment of anorectal function was not due to sphincter dysfunction, but due to the reduction of rectal capacity after the surgery.
As some authors18 understand that a reproducible clinical evaluation of the anorectal function with sufficient specificity and sensitivity is not yet available, how incontinence should be assessed clinically remains controversial. Although there are still concerns about reliability, several clinical tools are available and the most widely used is the Wexner score (13). However, Cataldo and colleagues (17) preferred to validate the number of bowel movements per day and the ability to postpone defecation as clinical variables because of their objective nature and because they are not directly measured in validated incontinence research. Regarding the impact of TEM on clinically evaluated anal function, some studies agree that TEM does not have a significant clinical impact on the anorectal function,12,16,18,19 while other authors have found a temporary impact on continence.7,8,11,14,15,20,21 In the present study, mean Wexner score results were significantly higher on day 7 when compared to the 90th postoperative day. Therefore, it is possible to measure some impact on early anal continence after TEM. Our experience confirms the temporary nature of this impairment when an adequate prospective evaluation is used allowing comparison with the clinical results before surgery. The next logical step would be to use the current available functional investigation (such as the EMN-AR) to try to define the cause of the clinical impact of TEM on continence. Historically, several authors22–24 have published findings of anal sphincter impairment following anal dilatation or after the use of surgical anal dilators during anorectal surgeries. In these studies, morphological findings that are consistent with anal sphincter lesion were reported. However, in these same studies, sphincter function was not evaluated together. In addition, several authors reported a significant decrease in RP and CP values after TEM.8,9,11,12,14,18,20,21,25 In our study, a reduction in RP (of 64.7–60.4mmHg – median) and CP (from 129.3 to 123.5 – median) values after TEM could be measured, although they were not statistically significant. These results can be explained by our small series of cases and also by the hypothesis that a stable and controlled anal dilatation is used during TEM. On the other hand, in this series, with regard to rectal capacity, a significant reduction in mean values was observed on the 30th day after TEM, followed by recovery to mean values similar to baseline values 90 days after surgery. If we consider that in this study the mean size of the removed rectal lesion was 3.5cm, it seems reasonable to consider the impact of TEM on rectal capacity as remarkable and, therefore, its clinical impact on anorectal function.
In the present study, clinical evaluation (Wexner's score), and the EMN-AR variables were collected before and after surgery. However, we recognize some limitations of our work. A small sample size remains an important feature of our study as well. The limited duration of post-TEM follow-up may be another important limitation, even though the impact on the anorectal function observed in the present study is absolutely temporary and modest. Finally, it may be important to note that in this study, the lesions removed through TEM were not large, because cases of very large lesions or circumferences in which resection and suture could significantly reduce the diameter or rectal capacity were not recruited.
Our study is consistent with current evidence on anorectal function following TEM. TEM did not result in a significant negative impact on fecal continence in most patients. On the other hand, as this result is based on a small series of cases, larger trials are needed. Some authors defend the inclusion of patients with pre-TEM anal continence impairment. We respectfully disagree. Finally, to include larger lesions seems to be a necessity, in order to provide better evidence on the adequate use of TEM in patients with rectal lesions; it would not be to determine the existence of impact on continence, since it definitely seems to occur, but rather to determine the time required to full or partial recovery of the anorectal function, and which variables are associated with the quality of this recovery.
Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.
